In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay - 7

In money, chance is best decided in a portfolio setting. Is this genuine Why - Essay Example This paper takes a contention to demonstrate that individual stock can't permit financial specialists to help making a decision about the general hazard related with venture on shares. A basic analysis setting will likewise be presented in the paper later on to legitimize the contention with respect to hazard being made a decision about better in an arrangement of stocks. It won't be off base to express that financial specialists of securities exchange are straightforwardly connected with the hazard which isn't avoidable. These dangers can be variable in types, for example, transient hazard or portfolio chance. For the focal point of this paper, portfolio chance is being examined in a relevant way. It ought to be noticed that portfolio chance is moderately low in agreement to the developments inside the securities exchange. In this, the procedure or idea of total is considered for figuring hazard related with a benefit or for esteeming an organization. It is because of this explanation that singular financial specialists are proposed to deal with their portfolio chance in light of the fact that their individual exchanges are totaled. This signifies speculators will in general differentiate their advantages so as to pass judgment on the danger of security (Brealey, et al., 2010). It isn't being demonstrated here that by taking a total of the danger of in a portfolio can kill chance. Arrangement of stock permits the speculators to comprehend the related hazard in agreement of variety in all degrees of the market. There is a hidden condition related with portfolio hazard. In actuality, hazard can be best decided in a portfolio setting, as broadened stocks can have diminished hazard. The fundamental condition is that the arrival which is gotten by the financial specialists is short of what one. For this situation, it is expressed that expansion will stay advantageous or the financial specialists (Brealey, et al., 2010). Hazard or precise hazard is interlinked with the progressions that may happen in the market. The hazard is

Introduction to Personality Essay Example for Free

Prologue to Personality Essay Conduct geneticists evaluate the subject of acquiring character. Are our qualities answerable for our innovativeness, forcefulness or certainty? Looking at character qualities through a hereditary center is a dark errand. Techniques utilized by conduct geneticists include epidemiological examinations, for example, screening family families, leading twin heritability studies, and reception considers. Character is best portrayed as what makes up an individual, their characteristics and individual contrasts that make them one of a kind. There has been a lot of research attempted with regards to what really makes a character create whether it is nature (hereditarily acquired) or by sustain (the earth) inquire about has indicated that it is a blend of both. (Walter, shoda, smith 2003) Human culture is mind boggling and this presents scientists with troubles in estimation of the ecological impact and to characterize precisely what causes character. Therapists and conduct geneticists have attempted to evaluate commitments made by hereditary qualities and the earth to singular contrasts through heritability. See more: how to begin a paper Heritability is when research has been completed to set up the commitments of hereditary qualities and nature to a populace test. This depends on knowing the birth relationship (hereditary relatedness), estimating the characteristic being referred to and making correlations between bunches with varying degrees of hereditary relatedness. The measure of inconstancy in a characteristic or physical estimation inside a populace is represented to show what amount has been acquired (hereditarily) and the rate remaining is the natural commitment. Twins were a fantastic wellspring of study since their DNA is indistinguishable. Prior to 1970 there was very little recorded data about twins, anyway there are currently bigger data sources and bigger examples have opened up. In Sweden and Finland the focal chronicle of twins raised together and separated likewise upgrades in the understanding of measurements and innovation empowered bigger examples to be analyzed. Discoveries from heritability considers have demonstrated that character qualities are related with hereditary impact, anyway this can shift contingent upon the attribute estimated, eg neuroticism shows heritability as 30% yet estimations of extraversion/contemplation show heritability as half. Estimations could be off base as factors must be considered eg ecological components twins that have been raised separated may have still lived with a relative could in any case be raised likewise. The media stories have concentrated on effective reunions of twins recently isolated, twins isolated may go through years becoming more acquainted with one another before they are inquired about which would be sufficient opportunity to adjust their characters. The time detachment viewpoint could mean various things, eg a few twins inquired about had really gone through certain years together. (walter, shoda, smith 2003) Twin investigations have regularly utilized various proportions of an individual, accordingly the outcomes might be temperamental except if a similar estimation is taken each time. Other research in families included looking at contrasts in relatedness between other relatives ie kin, half-kin, cousins, guardians and youngsters. There have likewise been reception contemplates. Research has demonstrated that nature has an extent of about a third impact on character, which would induce the bigger impact on a character gets from the earth. There is ceaseless connection between a life form and its condition from origination all through life, situations that are both physical and made up with others. Singular contrasts clinicians portray situations as ‘dimensions’ ie whether the kid has been brought up in a controlled or a casual domain, the moms wellbeing and prosperity and the guardians relationship. Characters can change dependant upon the circumstance that the individual is in. The Stanford Prison Experiment is a case of a social test where volunteers attempted new jobs. Twenty four were chosen after different tests to preclude clinical, mental and different inclinations. They were informed that the examination was to contemplate the mental consequences for jail life, the test occurred in a counterfeit jail condition inside the college. The trial was stopped on the grounds that detainees got debilitated and gave indications of stress, sorrow and others put some distance between the real world. Watchmen carried on in tyrant and forceful manner, some got vicious. The exploration here demonstrated that social circumstances effectsly affect conduct. Analysts have utilized different types of proof that appear to demonstrate that character is created through a communication among hereditary qualities and the earth in this manner it is shrewd to reason that solitary a part of a people character is acquired. Varying circumstances ought to be represented when contrasting the outcomes, to date it has been hard to characterize what the specific proportion of heritability †condition is, look into has demonstrated heritability to be around 30%. References Prologue to Personality: Toward An Integration, Seventh Edition by Walter Mischel, Yuichi Shoda, and Ronald E. Smith. John Wiley Sons; seventh release 10 Jul 2003

Trileptal for Bipolar Disorder

Trileptal for Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Trileptal for Bipolar Disorder By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 01, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 24, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Ariel Skelley / Blend Images / Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effectiveness Warnings Side Effects Suicide Risk View All Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) is an anticonvulsant medication used to treat epilepsy, but its also sometimes prescribed off-label to treat bipolar disorder.?? Trileptal is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat partial seizures in adults and children. Its closely related to carbamazepine, which has a variety of brand names, including Tegretol. Carbamazepine is also used as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. Effectiveness Although some healthcare professionals prescribe Trileptal to treat bipolar disorder, research hasnt shown definitively that its effective. A 2011 Cochrane review of the medical literature concluded that the drug doesnt work well to treat bipolar disorder in children and adolescents, and works about as well as other bipolar disorder medications in adults.?? The authors said better studies are needed to determine whether Trileptal is truly effective in treating bipolar disorder. Warnings Trileptal can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal birth control, so youll need to use other birth control methods as well to prevent pregnancy.?? If youre pregnant, are planning to become pregnant, or become pregnant while taking Trileptal, let your doctor know since this medication can harm an unborn baby. Trileptal also passes into breast milk, so you shouldnt breastfeed while taking it. Let your doctor know if you have or have ever had kidney or liver disease. Be careful with alcohol and sedating medications, since Trileptal may have a sedative effect and these can make it worse. Dont drive or operate heavy machinery until you have gauged your response to this drug. Trileptal may interact with certain drugs such as calcium channel blockers, other anticonvulsants, diuretics, proton-pump inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), as well as other medications.?? To guard against these types of interactions, always make sure your doctor knows about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications youre taking, including supplements, vitamins, and herbal products. Trileptal can change your mental health, so you and your loved ones will need to be aware of any differences that might occur. You should never suddenly stop taking Trileptal. If you want to discontinue using it, talk to your doctor about gradually tapering your dose. Common Side Effects The most common side effects of Trileptal include: DizzinessDrowsinessFast, uncontrollable eye movementsDiarrheaConstipationAppetite lossDouble vision (diplopia)FatigueNausea and vomitingHeadacheFeeling thirstyAbdominal painUnsteadiness on your feet (ataxia)Abnormal visionTremorForgetfulnessSlower thoughtsDifficulty concentratingAcid reflux (dyspepsia)Taste changes Weight gain with Trileptal isnt commonâ€"its only experienced by about 1% to 2% of patients.?? Serious Side Effects A fairly rare, but dangerous, side effect is hyponatremia, which is low sodium in your blood. Symptoms of this condition include not passing much urine, headache, nausea, confusion, tiredness and, if its really severe, seizures and coma, so contact your doctor if you suspect this may be beginning.?? Other serious side effects include: Signs of an allergic reaction like itchy skin, hives, rash, difficulty breathing or swallowing, and swelling in your arms, legs, or faceBlistering or peeling skinSigns of an infection such as fever, sore throat, chills, or swollen glandsYellowish skin or eyesPainful sores in your mouth or near your eyesUnusual bleeding or bruisingFatigue or weakness thats severeSevere muscle painRecurring infections or infections that dont go away If youre allergic to Tegretol (carbamazepine), youre likely going to be allergic to oxcarbazepine. Let your doctor know if this is the case. Call your healthcare provider immediately if you experience any of these serious side effects. Suicide Risk Oxcarbazepine treatment, like other anticonvulsants, carries a risk of suicidal ideation, which is an increase in suicidal thoughts and behavior.?? About one in every 500 peopleâ€"both children and adultsâ€"who were treated with Trileptal for various conditions, including epilepsy and mental disorders, during various clinical studies of the drug became suicidal during treatment. Some people developed suicidal thoughts and behaviors within one week of beginning the medication. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. Its important that both you and your family members or loved ones recognize this risk with Trileptal before beginning treatment, and watch for any signs of it while you are taking the drug. Contact your doctor immediately and ask your family to call your doctor immediately if you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worrisome, or become worse: Panic attacksAgitation or restlessnessNew or worsening irritability, anxiety, or depressionActing out dangerous impulsesInsomniaAggressive, angry, or violent behaviorMania, which involves a notable increase in your activity level and talkingThinking about or talking about harming or killing yourselfWithdrawing from friends and familyPreoccupation with death and dyingGiving away prized possessionsAny other unusual changes in behavior or mood Make sure you see your healthcare provider for all of your follow-up appointments and that you take Trileptal exactly as directed.

Police Brutality And Excessive Force - 868 Words

A controversial topic in today’s policing is whether police use reasonable force or excessive force in certain situations. By definition excessive force is any force beyond what’s necessary to arrest a suspect and keep police and bystanders safe. There have been a number of occasions where an officer has crossed the line and went farther then he or she needed to subdue the person getting arrested. With social media and the constant need to record things on camera many of these incidents have gone viral and caught the attention of the public. This can be helpful in certain cases and at the same time recording an officer puts him in a situation where he knows he is being recorded so he has to be mindful of what he says and does. That can cloud his judgement and put the bystanders in danger as well as himself. A lot of people including myself confuse police brutality with excessive force. Police brutality is the use of excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. While excessive use of force is when a law enforcement officer uses too much force when making a lawful arrest. One of the biggest cases of police use of excessive force is the death of Eric Garner, a Long Island Resident who was killed by officers trying to arrest Garner after he was seen selling loose cigarettes. Officers tried to arrest Garner with no intentions of hurting him, but rather than cooperating he resisted and then the officers took things further than they needed to go.Show MoreRelatedExcessive Force And Police Brutality1238 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Excessive force and police brutality have become common terms for anyone keeping up with today’s current events. In 2014, the media covered numerous cases of excessive force that resulted in the deaths of several people of color (Nelson Staff, 2014). The most widely covered cases by the media in 2014 were of Michael Brown, an 18-year-old black male shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri; and Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black male in Staten Island, NewRead MoreExcessive Force And Police Brutality2971 Words   |  12 PagesBrian Aker CRIM 244 21 November 2014 Dr. Sheri Keenan Excessive Force Police Brutality Have you ever thought about what happens if a person breaks a law? What if this individual breaks a minor law and creates a larger problem? A strong topic is upon our society when it comes to law enforcement and the tough physical and verbal oppression that they have the potential to put on people when it comes to breaking the law. Police officers are supposed to be society s saviors, guardians, and our friendsRead MorePolice Brutality And Its Perception Of Excessive Force1976 Words   |  8 Pagesthat there are occurrences of police brutality, although the episodes of such brutality is minute in comparison to what is perceived to be the case by the general population. Police brutality is a perception of excessive force, though depending on the situation, that very force may in fact be the use of proper force. When it comes to Americans receiving their knowledge of current event, they usually refer to the media, in which a major topic today is police brutality. A Case Study Reference OnRead MorePolice Brutality : Use Of Excessive And Unnecessary Force By Police1536 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can be present in many ways. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profilingRead MorePolice Brutality : Use Of Excessive And Unnecessary Force By Police1536 Words   |  7 Pages Police brutality is the use of excessive and unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. Police brutality can be present in many ways. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use nerve gas, batons, pepper spray, and guns in order to physically intimidate or even intentionally hurt civilians. Police brutality can also take the form of false arrests, verbal abuse, psychological intimidation, sexual abuse, police corruption, racial profilingRead MoreIs Excessive Force in Police Brutality Related to Race Essays670 Words   |  3 PagesThe perception of excessive force has been fiercely debated for the last two to three decades. With continuous civil disobedience, increasing cases of police brutality are growing at an exponential rate. Often cases of police brutality are brought to our attention through public media showcasing very disturbing and sometimes unlawful situations. Some may say that prejudice toward certain ethnicitie s may be the root cause of this recent influx. However, some may say that resulting social inequalitiesRead More Police Brutality: Use of Excessive Force Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages What is police brutality? Police brutality is an act of misconduct done by a member law enforcement through the use of an extreme amount of force to physically, mentally, or emotionally attack a member of society. Many law enforcement officers, those sworn to protect and serve, have abused their rights and authority to ferociously assault and manipulate citizens, even if they were innocent. Citizens who have been attacked have been left with physical and emotional scars that can never go away; inRead MoreFree Argumentative Essays : Police Brutality738 Words   |  3 Pages J Free Argumentative Essays: Police Brutality 777 Words 4 Pages Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police put in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality should be addressed. The use of excessive force may or may not be large problem, but it should be looked into by both the police and the public. For those people who feel racismRead MorePolice Brutality Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality James Regas December 15, 1996 Outline Thesis: But, because some officers use these extreme measures when it is not needed, police brutality should be addressed. I. Police Brutality A. Racism as a cause II. Police Brutality is not a problem A. Quotes from authorities B. Statistics of Declining Brutality III. Stopping Police Brutality A. Police Stopping themselves Read MorePolice Brutality And The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages Police Brutality in the United States University of Nebraska Kearney Colton Blankenship Abstract This research paper is an overview of police brutality in the United States. The paper covers what police brutality is and the definition. The information about police brutality is expanded about what is reasonable and excessive use of force an officer can use. Information is included about the thoughts of what the citizens feel about police brutality. Among the white and

Teaching English As A Second Or Foreign Language - 1635 Words

Literature Review. Several recent studies illustrate that student disaffection in English Language classrooms is a very real problem in many counties. In the following studies various terms are used to describe English Language Learning. The abbreviations: ESL (English as a Second Language), EFL (English as a Foreign Language), and ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) are used within the context of each of the following studies in keeping with the original authors’ terminology. The common thread among these studies is a focus on disaffection and/or motivation of students learning English as a second or foreign language. Chang Sperling (2014) conducted a qualitative sociocultural case study of a Southern Californian community college ESL classroom and its online discussion forums. Six students of Asian and Hispanic backgrounds, the class instructor, and the coordinator of the college’s ESL program participated in individual open ended interviews. Face-to-face classroom discussions were found to have a tendency to shape students academic knowledge and identity. Knowledge and identities that were peer- or real-world based tended to be pushed away in classroom interactions. In contrast, student peer to peer online discussion forums done outside of the classroom tended to be shaped by students’ peer or real-world based identities. This study suggests multicultural students are better able to display their own cultural perspectives in online-classroom relatedShow MoreRelatedTeaching English As A Second Or Foreign Language1407 Words   |  6 Pages In addition to teaching students through a variety of methods, teachers should also provide students with the tools necessary for them to be autonomous learners. According to Celce-Murcia’s Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, â€Å"one of the greatest challenges† facing both educators and learners is building ELL’s academic vocabularies (Celce-Murcia et al., 2013, p. 164). According to Larson (2013), active engagement encourages students to know definitions of words, â€Å"make connectionsRead MoreEffective Instruction For English Learners1414 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Instruction for English Learners Calderon, Slavin and Sanchez (2011) in their article â€Å"Effective Instruction for English Learners† consider the problem of students who are non English speakers and come to live in the USA for several reasons such as immigrants. The U.S government requires every school that has more than 5 percent non-English speakers to provide these with specialized programs. The authors go to explain useful instructions for teaching students English Language. They also reviewRead MoreWorld Englishes : Approaches, Issues, And Resources1596 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people view English as a global language. With more and more people speak English as a second and foreign language. English speakers play an important role in international business and economics. The data shows that there are over 350 million people speak English as their first language around the world. It also shows that more than 430 million people use English as their second language. As people develop knowledge of Sta ndard English like British English and American English, they may not hearRead MoreWorld Englishes : Approaches, Issues, And Resources1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmany people view English as a global language. With more and more people speak English as a second and foreign language. English speakers play an important role in international business and economics. The data shows that there are over 350 million people speak English as their first language around the world. It also shows that more than 430 million people use English as their second language. As people develop knowledge of Standard English like British English and American English, they may not hearRead MoreLearning A Second Language Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent languages. As a young child, I attended a Spanish immersion program through my pre-school and elementary school. I was absorbed into a new culture much different from my own. I grew up learning words in Spanish before I knew them in Englis h. I also developed unexpected friendships, spending much of my childhood in Spanish speaking households. As a college student, I look back on this time and greatly appreciate the skills and lessons I cultivated from learning a second language. SecondRead MoreContrastive Analysis1671 Words   |  7 Pageshistory of foreign language teaching is so complicated. The complexities are the outcome of the rise of the assumptions of so many theories, approaches, methods and hypotheses that dominated this field , especially beginning from1940s and up till now. Today there are innumerable assumptions for approaches and methods that relate to language learning and teaching. All of them claim to be the right approach for learning and teaching a language. In the midst of these situations, foreign language teachersRead MoreThe Problem Of Learning Languages1092 Words   |  5 Pageslearning languages is very important in the contemporary world. Foreign languages are socially demanded especial ly at present time when the progress of science and technology gas led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every 7 years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people on our planet. On the base of the first (native) language people chooseRead MoreThe Language Of Science And Technology1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe English language has become the most widespread in the world .It is the language of science and technology . Children often learn better than adult, especially with languages, and this enables them to be able to speak like a native speaker. There is nothing that can explain why young learners have priority in learning languages. This notion makes governments and parents want to contribute to teaching English for young learners. Learning English for young learners has become a phenomenon. As aRead MoreLink Between Language And Culture1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The material I chose to evaluate is the official English textbook ‘Go for it!’ (Grade 9) published by People s Education Press. It is widely used in Mainland China as a standard teaching material of national compulsory education. This book is prepared for Chinese teenage aged 13-15 who are the beginners of English study. In this report, I intend to evaluate Unit 1‘How do you study for a test?’ and Unit 12 ‘ You’re supposed to shake hands.’, using what I have learned as well as my ownRead MoreEducator Application Essay982 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy degree in Foreign, Second, and Multilingual Language Education (within the TESOL program) with an interdisciplinary specialization in Educational Technology. Moreover, I have experience in teaching diverse learners English in EFL and ESL settings. I am confident that my educational background and teaching experience enable me to make contributions to Wayne State College in terms of enhancing undergraduate and graduate students’ knowledge of foreign and second language acquisition and strategies

Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 1~2 Free Essays

string(35) " and recording it in the notebook\." For Jim Darling, Flip Nicklin, and Meagan Jones: extraordinary people who do extraordinary work Fluke (flook) 1. A stroke of good luck 2. A chance occurrence; an accident 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 1~2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now A barb or barbed head, as on a harpoon 4. Either of the two horizontally flattened divisions of the tail of a whale PART ONE The Song An ocean without its unnamed monsters would be like a completely dreamless sleep. – JOHN STEINBECK The scientific method is nothing more than a system of rules to keep us from lying to each other. – KEN NORRIS CHAPTER ONE Big and Wet Next Question? Amy called the whale punkin. He was fifty feet long, wider than a city bus, and weighed eighty thousand pounds. One well-placed slap of his great tail would reduce the boat to fiberglass splinters and its occupants to red stains drifting in the blue Hawaiian waters. Amy leaned over the side of the boat and lowered the hydrophone down on the whale. â€Å"Good morning, punkin,† she said. Nathan Quinn shook his head and tried not to upchuck from the cuteness of it, of her, while surreptitiously sneaking a look at her bottom and feeling a little sleazy about it. Science can be complex. Nate was a scientist. Amy was a scientist, too, but she looked fantastic in a pair of khaki hiking shorts, scientifically speaking. Below, the whale sang on, the boat vibrated with each note. The stainless rail at the bow began to buzz. Nate could feel the deeper notes resonate in his rib cage. The whale was into a section of the song they called the  «green » themes, a long series of whoops that sounded like an ambulance driving through pudding. A less trained listener might have thought that the whale was rejoicing, celebrating, shouting howdy to the world to let everyone and everything know that he was alive and feeling good, but Nate was a trained listener, perhaps the most trained listener in the world, and to his expert ears the whale was saying – Well, he had no idea what in the hell the whale was saying, did he? That’s why they were out there floating in that sapphire channel off Maui in a small speedboat, sloshing their breakfasts around at seven in the morning: No one knew why the humpbacks sang. Nate had been listening to them, observing them, photographing them, and poking them wit h sticks for twenty-five years, and he still had no idea why, exactly, they sang. â€Å"He’s into his ribbits,† Amy said, identifying a section of the whale’s song that usually came right before the animal was about to surface. The scientific term for this noise was  «ribbits » because that’s what they sounded like. Science can be simple. Nate peeked over the side and looked at the whale that was suspended head down in the water about fifty feet below them. His flukes and pectoral fins were white and described a crystal-blue chevron in the deep blue water. So still was the great beast that he might have been floating in space, the last beacon of some long-dead space-traveling race – except that he was making croaky noises that would have sounded more appropriate coming out of a two-inch tree frog than the archaic remnant of a superrace. Nate smiled. He liked ribbits. The whale flicked his tail once and shot out of Nate’s field of vision. â€Å"He’s coming up,† Nate said. Amy tore off her headphones and picked up the motorized Nikon with the three-hundred-millimeter lens. Nate quickly pulled up the hydrophone, allowing the wet cord to spool into a coil at his feet, then turned to the console and started the engine. Then they waited. There was a blast of air from behind them and they both spun around to see the column of water vapor hanging in the air, but it was far, perhaps three hundred meters behind them – too far away to be their whale. That was the problem with the channel between Maui and Lanai where they worked: There were so many whales that you often had a hard time distinguishing the one you were studying from the hundreds of others. The abundance of animals was a both a blessing and a curse. â€Å"That our guy?† Amy asked. All the singers were guys. As far as they knew anyway. The DNA tests had proven that. â€Å"Nope.† There was another blow to their left, this one much closer. Nate could see the white flukes or blades of his tail under the water, even from a hundred meters away. Amy hit the stop button on her watch. Nate pushed the throttle forward and they were off. Amy braced a knee against the console to steady herself, keeping the camera pointed toward the whale as the boat bounced along. He would blow three, maybe four times, then fluke and dive. Amy had to be ready when the whale dove to get a clear shot of his flukes so he could be identified and cataloged. When they were within thirty yards of the whale, Nate backed the throttle down and held them in position. The whale blew again, and they were close enough to catch some of the mist. There was none of the dead fish and massive morning-mouth smell that they would have encountered in Alaska. Humpbacks didn’t feed while they were in Hawaii. The whale fluked and Amy fired off two quick frames with the Nikon. â€Å"Good boy,† Amy said to the whale. She hit the lap timer button on her watch. Nate cut the engine and the speedboat settled into the gentle swell. He threw the hydrophone overboard, then hit the record button on the recorder that was bungee-corded to the console. Amy set the camera on the seat in front of the console, then snatched their notebook out of a waterproof pouch. â€Å"He’s right on sixteen minutes,† Amy said, checking the time and recording it in the notebook. You read "Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 1~2" in category "Essay examples" She wrote the time and the frame numbers of the film she had just shot. Nate read her the footage number off the recorder, then the longitude and latitude from the portable GPS (global positioning system) device. She put down the notebook, and they listened. They weren’t right on top of the whale as they had been before, but they could hear him singing through the recorder’s speaker. Nate put on the headphones and sat back to listen. That’s how field research was. Moments of frantic activity followed by long periods of waiting. (Nate’s first ex-wife had once commented that their sex life could be described in exactly the same way, but that was after they had separated, and she was just being snotty.) Actually, the wait here in Maui wasn’t bad – ten, fifteen minutes at a throw. When he’d been studying right whales in the North Atlantic, Nate had sometimes waited weeks before he found a whale to study. Usually he liked to use the downtime (literally, the time the whale was down) to think about how he should’ve gotten a real job, one where you made real money and had weekends off, or at least gotten into a branch of the field where the results of his work were more palpable, like sinking whaling ships – a pirate. You know, security. Today Nate was actively trying not to watch Amy put on sunscreen. Amy was a snowflake in the land of the tanned. Most whale researchers spent a great deal of time outdoors, at sea. They were, for the most part, an intrepid, outdoorsy bunch who wore wind- and sunburn like battle scars, and there were few who didn’t sport a semipermanent sunglasses raccoon tan and sun-bleached hair or a scaly bald spot. Amy, on the other hand, had milk-white skin and straight, short black hair so dark that the highlights appeared blue in the Hawaiian sun. She was wearing maroon lipstick, which was so wildly inappropriate and out of character for this setting that it approached the comical and made her seem like the goth geek of the Pacific, which was, in fact, one of the reasons her presence so disturbed Nate. (He reasoned: A well-formed bottom hanging in space is just a well-formed bottom, but you hook up a well-formed bottom to a whip-smart woman and apply a dash of the awkward and what youâ⠂¬â„¢ve got yourself is†¦ well, trouble.) Nate did not watch her rub the SPF50 on her legs, over her ankles and feet. He did not watch her strip to her bikini top and apply the sunscreen over her chest and shoulders. (Tropical sun can fry you even through a shirt.) Nate especially did not notice when she grabbed his hand, squirted lotion into it, then turned, indicating that he should apply it to her back, which he did – not noticing anything about her in the process. Professional courtesy. He was working. He was a scientist. He was listening to the song of Megaptera novaeangliae (â€Å"big wings of New England,† a scientist had named the whale, thus proving that scientists drink), and he was not intrigued by her intriguing bottom because he had encountered and analyzed similar data in the past. According to Nate’s analysis, research assistants with intriguing bottoms turned into wives 66.666 percent of the time, and wives turned into ex-wives exactly 100 percent of the time – plus or minus 5 percent factored for post-divorce comfort sex.) â€Å"Want me to do you?† Amy asked, holding out her preferred sunscreen-slathering hand. You just don’t go there, thought Nate, not even in a joke. One incorrect response to a line like that and you could lose your university position, if you had one, which Nate didn’t, but still†¦ You don’t even think about it. â€Å"No thanks, this shirt has UV protection woven in,† he said, thinking about what it would be like to have Amy do him. Amy looked suspiciously at his faded WE LIKE WHALES CONFERENCE 89 T-shirt and wiped the remaining sunscreen on her leg. † ‘Kay,† she said. â€Å"You know, I sure wish I could figure out why these guys sing,† Nate said, the hummingbird of his mind having tasted all the flowers in the garden to return to that one plastic daisy that would just not give up the nectar. â€Å"No kidding?† Amy said, deadpan, smiling. â€Å"But if you figure it out, what would we do tomorrow?† â€Å"Show off,† Nate said, grinning. â€Å"I’d be typing all day, analyzing research, matching photographs, filing song tapes –  » â€Å"Bringing us doughnuts,† Nate added, trying to help. Amy continued, counting down the list on her fingers, â€Å"- picking up blank tapes, washing down the trucks and the boats, running to the photo lab – ; â€Å"Not so fast,† Nate interrupted. â€Å"What, you’re going to deprive me the joy of running to the photo lab while you bask in scientific glory?† â€Å"No, you can still go to the photo lab, but Clay hired a guy to wash the trucks and boats.† A delicate hand went to her forehead as she swooned, the southern belle in hiking shorts, taken with the vapors. â€Å"If I faint and fall overboard, don’t let me drown.† â€Å"You know, Amy,† Nate said as he undressed the crossbow, â€Å"I don’t know how it was at Boston doing survey, but in behavior, research assistants are only supposed to bitch about the humiliating grunt work and lowly status to other research assistants. It was that way when I was doing it, it was that way going back centuries, it has always been that way. Darwin himself had someone on the Beagle to file dead birds and sort index cards.† â€Å"He did not. I’ve never read anything about that.† â€Å"Of course you didn’t. Nobody writes about research assistants.† Nate grinned again, celebration for a small victory. He realized he wasn’t working up to standards on managing this research assistant. His partner, Clay, had hired her almost two weeks ago, and by now he should have had her terrorized. Instead she was working him like a Starbucks froth slave. â€Å"Ten minutes,† Amy said, checking the timer on her watch. â€Å"You going to shoot him?† â€Å"Unless you want to?† Nate notched the arrow into the crossbow. He tucked the windbreaker they used to  «dress » the crossbow under the console. It was very politically incorrect to carry a weapon for shooting whales through the crowded Lahaina harbor, so they carried it inside the windbreaker, making it appear that they had a jacket on a hanger. Amy shook her head violently. â€Å"I’ll drive the boat.† â€Å"You should learn to do it.† â€Å"I’ll drive the boat,† Amy said. â€Å"No one drives the boat.† No one but Nate drove the boat. Granted, the Constantly Baffled was only a twenty-three-foot Mako speedboat, and an agile four-year-old could pilot it on a calm day like today. Still, no one else drove the boat. It was a man thing, being inherently uncomfortable with the thought of a woman operating a boat or a television remote control. â€Å"Up sounds,† Nate said. They had a recording of the full sixteen-minute cycle of the song now – all the way through twice, in fact. He stopped the recorder and pulled up the hydrophone, then started the engine. â€Å"There,† Amy said, pointing to the white fins and flukes moving under the water. The whale blew only twenty yards off the bow. Nate buried the throttle. Amy was wrenched off her feet and just caught herself on the railing next to the wheel console as the boat shot forward. Nate pulled up on the right side of the whale, no more than ten yards away as the whale came up for the second time. He steadied the wheel with his hip, pulled up the crossbow, and fired. The bolt bounced off the whale’s rubbery back, the hollow surgical steel arrowhead taking out a cookie-cutter plug of skin and blubber the size of a pencil eraser before the wide plastic tip stopped the penetration. The whale lifted his tail out of the water and snapped it in the air, making a sound like a giant knuckle cracking as the massive tail muscles contracted. â€Å"He’s pissed,† Nate said. â€Å"Let’s go for a measurement.† â€Å"Now?† Amy questioned. Normally they would wait for another dive cycle. Obviously Nate thought that because of their taking the skin sample the whale might start traveling. They could lose him before getting a measurement. â€Å"Now. I’ll shoot, you work the rangefinder.† Nate backed off the throttle a bit, so he would be able to catch the entire tail fluke in the camera frame when the whale dove. Amy grabbed the laser rangefinder, which looked very much like a pair of binoculars made for a cyclops. By taking a distance measurement from the animal’s tail with the rangefinder and comparing the size of the tail in the frame of the picture, they could measure the relative size of the entire animal. Nate had come up with an algorithm that, so far, gave them the length of a whale with 98 percent accuracy. Just a few years ago they would’ve had to have been in an aircraft to measure the length of a whale. â€Å"Ready,† Amy said. The whale blew and arched its back into a high hump as he readied for the dive (the reason whalers had named them humpbacks in the first place). Amy fixed the rangefinder on the whale’s back; Nate trained the camera’s telephoto on the same spot, and the autofocus motors made tiny adjustments with the movement of the boat. The whale fluked, raising its tail high in the air, and there, instead of the distinct pattern of black-and-white markings by which all humpbacks were identified, were – spelled out in foot-high black letters across the white – the words BITE ME! Nate hit the shutter button. Shocked, he fell into the captain’s chair, pulling back the throttle as he slumped. He let the Nikon sag in his lap. â€Å"Holy shit!† Nate said. â€Å"Did you see that?† â€Å"See what? I got seventy-three feet,† Amy said, pulling down the rangefinder. â€Å"Probably seventy-six from where you are. What were your frame numbers?† She was reaching for the notebook as she looked back at Nate. â€Å"Are you okay?† â€Å"Fine. Frame twenty-six, but I missed it,† he lied. His mind was shuffling though a huge stack of index cards, searching a million article abstracts he had read to find some explanation for what he’d just seen. It couldn’t possibly have been real. The film would show it. â€Å"You didn’t see any unusual markings when you did the ID photo?† â€Å"No, did you?† â€Å"No, never mind.† â€Å"Don’t sweat it, Nate. We’ll get it next time he comes up,† Amy said. â€Å"Let’s go in.† â€Å"You don’t want to try again for a measurement?† To make the data sample complete, they needed an ID photo, a recording of at least a full cycle of the song, a skin sample for DNA and toxin figures, and a measurement. The morning was wasted without the measurement. â€Å"Let’s go back to Lahaina,† Nate said, staring down at the camera in his lap. â€Å"You drive.† CHAPTER TWO Maui No Ka Oi (Maui Is the Best) At first it was that old trickster Maui who cast his fishing line from his canoe and pulled the islands up from the bottom of the sea. When he was done fishing, he looked at those islands he had pulled up, and smack in the middle of the chain was one that was made up of two big volcanoes, sitting there together like the friendly, lopsided bosoms of the sea. Between them was a deep valley that Maui thought looked very much like cleavage, which he very much liked. And so, to that bumpy-bits island Maui gave his name, and its nickname became â€Å"The Cleavage Island,† which it stayed until some missionaries came along and renamed it â€Å"The Valley Island† (because if there’s anything missionaries do well, it’s seek out and destroy fun). Then Maui landed his canoe at a calm little beach on the west coast of his new island and said to himself, â€Å"I could do with a few cocktails and some nookie. I shall go into Lahaina and get some.† Well, time passed and some whalers came to the island, bringing steel tools and syphilis and other wonders from the West, and before anyone knew what was happening, they, too, were thinking that they wouldn’t mind a few cocktails and a measure of nookie. So rather than sail back around the Horn to Nantucket to hoist noggins of grog and the skirts of the odd Hester, Millicent, or Prudence (so fast the dear woman would think she’d fallen down a chimney and landed on a zucchini), they pulled into Lahaina, drawn by the drunken sex magic of old Maui. They didn’t come to Maui for the whales, they came for the party. And so Lahaina became a whaling town. The irony of it was that even though the humpbacks had starting coming to birth their calves and sing their songs only a few years earlier, and in those days the Hawaiian channels were teeming with the big-winged singers, it was not for the humpbacks that the whalers came. Humpbacks, like their other rorqual brothers – the streamlined blue, fin, sei, minke, and Bryde’s whales – were just too fast to catch in sailing ships and man-powered whaling boats. No, the whalers came to Lahaina to rest and recreate along their way to Japanese waters where they hunted the great sperm whale, who would literally float there like a big, dumb log while you rowed up to it and stuck a harpoon in its head. It would take the advent of steamships and the decimation of the big, floaty-fat right whales (so named because they did float when dead and therefore were the  «right » whales to kill) before the hunters would turn their harpoons on the humpbacks. Following the whalers came the missionaries, the sugar farmers, the Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and Portuguese who all worked the sugar plantations, and Mark Twain. Mark Twain went home. Everyone else stayed. In the meantime, King Kamehameha I united the islands through the clever application of firearms against wooden spears and moved Hawaii’s capital to Lahaina. Sometime after that Amy came cruising into the Lahaina harbor at the wheel of a twenty-three-foot Mako speedboat with a tall, stunned-looking Ph.D. sprawled across the bow seat. The radio chirped. Amy picked it up and keyed the mike. â€Å"Go ahead, Clay.† â€Å"Something wrong?† Clay Demodocus was obviously in the harbor and could see them coming in. It wasn’t even eight in the morning. He was probably still preparing his boat to go out. â€Å"I’m not sure. Nate just decided to call it a day. I’ll ask him why.† To Nate she said, â€Å"Clay wants to know why.† â€Å"Anomalous data,† Nate said. â€Å"Anomalous data,† Amy repeated into the radio. There was a pause. Then Clay said, â€Å"Uh, right, understood. That stuff gets into everything.† The harbor at Lahaina is not large. Only a hundred or so vessels can dock behind her breakwater. Most are sizable, fifty- to seventy-foot cruisers and catamarans, boats full of sunscreen-basted tourists out on the water for anything from dinner cruises to sport fishing to snorkeling at the half-sunken crater of Molokini to, of course, whale watching. Jet-skiing, parasailing, and waterskiing were all banned from December until April, while the humpbacks were in these waters, so many of the smaller boats that would normally be used to terrorize marine life in the name of recreation were leased by whale researchers for the season. On any given winter morning down at the harbor at Lahaina, you couldn’t throw a coconut without conking a Ph.D. in cetacean biology (and you stood a good chance of winging two Masters of Science working on dissertations with the rebound). Clay Demodocus was engaged in a bit of research liars poker with a Ph.D. and a naval officer when Amy backed the Mako into the slip they shared with three tender zodiacs from sailing yachts anchored outside the breakwater, a thirty-two-foot motor-sailor, and the Maui Whale Research Foundation’s other boat (Clay’s boat), the Always Confused, a brand-new twenty-two-foot Grady White Fisherman, center console. (Slips were hard to come by in Lahaina, and circumstances this season had dictated that the Maui Whale Research Foundation – Nate and Clay – perform a nautical dog pile with six other small craft every day. You do what you have to do if you want to poke whales.) â€Å"Shame,† Clay said as Amy threw him the stern line. â€Å"Nice calm day, too.† â€Å"We got everything but a measurement on one singer,† Amy said. The scientist and the naval officer on the dock behind Clay nodded as if they understood completely. Clifford Hyland, a grizzled, gray-haired whale researcher from Iowa stood next to the young, razor-creased, snowy-white-uniformed Captain L. J. Tarwater, who was there to see that Hyland spent the navy’s money appropriately. Hyland looked a little embarrassed at the whole thing and wouldn’t make eye contact with Amy or Nate. Money was money, and a researcher took it where he could get it, but navy money, it was so†¦ so nasty. â€Å"Morning Amy,† said Tarwater, dazzling a perfectly even, perfectly white smile. He was lean and dark and frighteningly efficient-looking. Next to him, Clay and the scientists looked as if they’d been run through the dryer with a bag of lava rock. â€Å"Good morning, Captain. Morning Cliff.† â€Å"Hey, Amy,† Cliff Hyland said. â€Å"Hey, Nate.† Nathan Quinn shook off his confusion like a retriever who had just heard his name uttered in context with food. â€Å"What? What? Oh, hi, Cliff. What?† Hyland and Quinn had both been part of a group of thirteen scientists who had first come to Lahaina in the seventies (â€Å"The Killer Elite,† Clay still called them, as they had all gone on to distinguish themselves as leaders in their fields). Actually, the original intention hadn’t been for them to be a group, but they nevertheless became one early on when they all realized that the only way they could afford to stay on the island was if they pooled their resources and lived together. So for years thirteen of them – and sometimes more if they could afford assistants, wives, or girlfriends – lived every season in a two-bedroom house they rented in Lahaina. Hyland understood Quinn’s tendency to submerge himself in his research to the point of oblivion, so he wasn’t surprised that once again the rangy researcher had spaced out. â€Å"Anomalous data, huh?† Cliff asked, figuring that was what had sent Nate into the ozone. â€Å"Uh, nothing I can be sure of. I mean, actually, the recorder isn’t working right. Something dragging. Probably just needs to be cleaned.† And everyone, including Amy, looked at Quinn for a moment as if to say, Well, you lying satchel of walrus spit, that is the weakest story I’ve ever heard, and you’re not fooling anyone. â€Å"Shame,† Clay said. â€Å"Nice day to miss out on the water. Maybe you can get back with the other recorder and get out again before the wind comes up.† Clay knew something was up with Nate, but he also trusted his judgment enough not to press it. Nate would tell him when he thought he should know. â€Å"Speaking of that,† Hyland said, â€Å"we’d better get going.† He headed down the dock toward his own boat. Tarwater stared at Nate just long enough to convey disgust before turning on his heel and marching after Hyland. When they were gone, Amy said, â€Å"Tarwater is a creep.† â€Å"He’s all right. He’s got a job to do is all,† Clay said. â€Å"What’s with the recorder?† â€Å"The recorder is fine,† Nate said. â€Å"Then what gives? It’s a perfect day.† Clay liked to state the obvious when it was positive. It was sunny, calm, with no wind, and the underwater visibility was two hundred feet. It was a perfect day to research whales. Nate started handing waterproof cases of equipment to Clay. â€Å"I don’t know. I may have seen something out there, Clay. I have to think about it and see the pictures. I’m going to drop some film off at the lab, then go back to Papa Lani and write up some research until the film’s ready.† Clay flinched, just a tad. It was Amy’s job to drop off film and write up research. â€Å"Okay. How ’bout you, kiddo?† Clay said to Amy. â€Å"My new guy doesn’t look like he’s going to show, and I need someone topside while I’m under.† Amy looked to Nate for some kind of approval, but when he simply kept unloading cases without a reaction, she just shrugged. â€Å"Sure, I’d love to.† Clay suddenly became self-conscious and shuffled in his flip-flops, looking for a second more like a five-year-old kid than a barrel-chested, fifty-year-old man. â€Å"By calling you ‘kiddo’ I didn’t mean to dimmish you by age or anything, you know.† â€Å"I know,† Amy said. â€Å"And I wasn’t making any sort of comment on your competency either.† â€Å"I understand, Clay.† Clay cleared his throat unnecessarily. â€Å"Okay,† he said. â€Å"Okay,† Amy said. She grabbed two Pelican cases full of equipment, stepped up onto the dock, and started schlepping the stuff to the parking area so it could be loaded into Nate’s pickup. Over her shoulder she said, â€Å"You guys both so need to get laid.† â€Å"I think that’s reverse harassment,† Clay said to Nate. â€Å"I may be having hallucinations,† said Nate. â€Å"No, she really said that,† Clay said. After Quinn had left, Amy climbed into the Always Confused and began untying the stern line. She glanced over her shoulder to look at the forty-foot cabin cruiser where Captain Tarwater posed on the bow looking like an advertisement for a particularly rigid laundry detergent – Bumstick Go-Be-Bright, perhaps. â€Å"Clay, you ever heard of a uniformed naval officer accompanying a researcher into the field before?† Clay looked up from doing a battery check on the GPS. â€Å"Not unless the researcher was working from a navy vessel. Once I was along on a destroyer for a study on the effects of high explosives on resident populations of southern sea lions in the Falkland Islands. They wanted to see what would happen if you set off a ten-thousand-pound charge in proximity to a sea lion colony. There was a uniformed officer in charge of that.† Amy cast the line back to the dock and turned to face Clay. â€Å"What was the effect?† â€Å"Well, it blew them the fuck up, didn’t it? I mean, that’s a lot of explosives.† â€Å"They let you film that for National Science?† â€Å"Just stills,† Clay said. â€Å"I don’t think they anticipated it going the way it did. I got some great shots of it raining seal meat.† Clay started the engine. â€Å"Yuck.† Amy untied the bumpers and pulled them into the boat. â€Å"But you’ve never seen a uniformed officer working here? Before now, I mean.† â€Å"Nowhere else,† Clay said. He pulled down the gear lever. There was a thump, and the boat began to creep forward. Amy pushed them away from the surrounding boats with a padded boat hook. â€Å"What do you think they’re doing?† â€Å"I was trying to find out this morning when you guys came in. They loaded an awfully big case before you got here. I asked what it was, and Tarwater got all sketchy. Cliff said it was some acoustics stuff.† â€Å"Directional array?† Amy asked. Researchers sometimes towed large arrays of hydrophones that could, unlike a single hydrophone, detect the direction from which sound was traveling. â€Å"Could be,† Clay said. â€Å"Except they don’t have a winch on their boat. â€Å"A wench? What are you trying to say, Clay?† Amy feigned being offended. â€Å"Are you calling me a wench?† Clay grinned at her. â€Å"Amy, I am old and have a girlfriend, and therefore I am immune to your hotness. Please cease your useless attempts to make me uncomfortable.† â€Å"Let’s follow them.† â€Å"They’ve been working on the lee side of Lanai. I don’t want to take the Confused past the wind line.† â€Å"So you were trying to find out what they’re up to?† â€Å"I fished. No bites. Cliff’s not going to say anything with Tarwater standing there.† â€Å"So let’s follow them.† â€Å"We actually may get some work done today. It’s a good day, after all, and we might not get a dozen windless days all season here. We can’t afford to lose a day, Amy. Which reminds me, what’s up with Nate? Not like him to blow off a good field day.† â€Å"You know, he’s nuts,† Amy said, as if it were understood. â€Å"Too much time thinking about whales.† â€Å"Oh, right. I forgot.† As they motored out of the harbor, Clay waved to a group of researchers who had gathered at the fuel station to buy coffee. Twenty universities and a dozen foundations were represented in that group. Clay was single-handedly responsible for making the scientists who worked out of Lahaina into a social community. He knew them all, and he couldn’t help it – he liked people who worked with whales – and he just liked it when people got along. He’d started weekly meetings and presentations of papers at the Pacific Whale Sanctuary building in Kihei, which brought all the scientists together to socialize, trade information, and, for some, to try to weasel some useful data out of someone without the burden of field research. Amy waved to the group, too, as she dug into one of the orange Pelican waterproof cases. â€Å"Come on, Clay, let’s follow Tarwater and see what he’s up to.† She pulled a huge pair of twenty-power binoculars out of the case and showed them to Clay. â€Å"We can watch from a distance.† â€Å"You might want to go up in the bow and look for whales, Amy.† â€Å"Whales? They’re big and wet. What else do you need to know?† â€Å"You scientists never cease to amaze me,† Clay said. â€Å"Come hold the wheel while I get a pencil to write that down.† â€Å"Let’s follow Tarwater.† How to cite Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 1~2, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Organizational Behavior by Expert Ivy Writer {PhD} | 05 Dec 2016 Coursework Are human beings rational? Need essay sample on "Organizational Behavior" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed All human beings are supposedly rational; that is, we think logically, or are given the faculties at a certain age and stage in life (even early in life) to know the cause and effect, think logically, understand the basics or essentials of right versus wrong. However, in reality, not many can exercise rationality at all times in all situations. Even the most educated at times give in to irrational ways or decisions, illogical steps or reactions because we have preconceived thoughts about things and people or because we have learned these from our environment or at times simply react instinctively or because we are hungry, tired or lonely. Why do we study Organizational Behavior? We study organizational behavior because it is a necessity; people are essentially social and congregate into groups whether formal or informal and this fact of life governs almost all of human existence in a day to day basis. A natural offshoot of studying inpidual behavior is to study organizations because the two are almost inseparable. When people work and are engaged with others there are dynamics at play that need to be understood and principles are indispensable towards a better working relationship among people with or without other aspects of the whole gamut of the work scene. Describe a cultural element (ritual, artifact, custom, etc.) in some organization other than a school or religious organization that you belong (or belonged) to. How did this element effect performance or the attainment of goals? Explain. note - this question is about organization culture, not national culture. It is the wearing of the office badge. The badge when worn never failed to effect change in a sense that it created a sense of pride that people knew or noticed that I belonged to an esteemed workplace. It really mattered a lot to me as I wore my badge that my performance really made a difference once the company took on this major (which it was) change. Emotions in the workplace is a topic that is often overlooked. Should you leave your feelings at home, or be free to express them on the work place? Organizational problems are people problems which will always be opportunities for leadership challenges. It is a scene where complex emotions are involved and where choices for actions or conduct are crucial but at times taken for granted (Blaum, 2000). This brings us to the subject on emotional labor. Arlie Russell Hochschild, a sociologist, in 1983 defines emotional labor as the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display [which] is sold for a wage and therefore has exchange value in his book, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Emotional labor is a type of emotional control in which employees endeavor to exhibit the emotions that they are anticipated to demonstrate as they function in their job. Emotional labor is usually done in two principal modes: (1) entrenched acting in which people attempt to experience the emotions that they necessitate to convey, specifically, inpiduals have to exhaust energy to control emotions. In general, examples are that one is believing or sensing of one's function s a teacher or as an interrogator (Briner, 1995) or depicting it like a child who is not liable for his /her conduct (Hochschild, 1983); and (2) exterior or superficial manner or acting in which inpiduals at the workplace hold back their valid feelings and, as a substitute, communicate feelings- like a faade- that they don't feel in reality. This means that there is real emotional dissonance between a persons internal feelings and his/her surface manifestation. Although many studies show that emotional labor is a personal thing (Brotheridge and Grandey, 2002), present research findings say that surface acting is associated with increased stress and a sense of inauthenticity. More stu dies should be made to fully validate these findings and the impact of emotional labor on workforces overall well-being and output in terms of quality of service. Describe some perceptual error that you made that could have or did lead to a negative outcome (social perception, not physical perception). Could it have reasonably been avoided? I did make one perceptual error which was that I thought this person was really a very ideal one because a friend became close to him/her. What happened was that I depended on my friends choice rather on my own standard. I took the person in for a relationship which later became my deep regret because I suffered humiliation and endless self blame for my wrong choice. What do you think is the most important change in business communications that new managers will face in their career? I believe the most important change in business communications that new managers will face in their career will be the constant and rapid shift of channels or venues for communication. It is the learning and unlearning that will keep new managers on their toes at longer times if they will be competitive and remain competitive in a dog-eat-dog world. What is the difference between collaborative work and delegated work? (hint: think about the differences between teams and groups) When is each superior to the other. Collaborative work is a superior to delegated work because it involves everybody with the superior or direct supervisor bonding in with the rest of the group. However, there are of course its disadvantages; such as the types of people who cannot work when bosses are around because they just could not think or feel pressured. Collaborative work puts everyone in a sense on an equal footing where the boss mind can be like the rests of the participants while delegated work means there is one quite superior to the other and gives the lower position employee the work/tasks to accomplish. There are many theories of motivation presented in the text. Which theory do you think has the most practical value to managers? Research on motivation is related to the overarching issue What creates human action writes Franken (1994). While looking for more accurate scientific definitions, though, one finds a huge selection. Motivation theory, in addition, seems to necessitate an assumption of the human species, as various motivation theories formulate different assumptions about human nature. To presuppose that human beings are thinking creatures is of course not a contemporary breakthrough the paradigm of the rational actor was based on such a conception but due to the domination of behaviorist theory there are grounds to claim this once more. Cognitive scholars argued that to appreciate human behavior, one must also examine that which is not directly observable, that is, peoples thoughts. Widespread to cognitive theories is the assumption that peoples ideas about how the world came to be influence their behavior. The relevance of cognitive theory to motivation is the fact that it is not just one undeniable reality that influences behavior, but cognitions of reality. As these differ involving inpiduals, it entails that inpidual differences become central in motivation theory. A reward may signify something essential to one person and yet quite a different thing for another. Furthermore, history becomes significant. Because how a human being cognizes reality today relies on how she envisioned of it yesterday, and of how he/she imagines her future. Leading, early cognitive motivation theories were those of Kurt Lewin (1935) and Victor Vroom (1964/1995), where the authors made an effort to conceive of universal paradigms in order to understand human motivation, comprising such factors as how greatly a person rates a particular outcome, the possibility that the effect will be achieved, and other forces, termed driving forces and restraining forces (such as time, money, family obligations etc.) that may influence an inpiduals behavior (Baron, 1983). Cognitive theories lead motivation theory today. Universal models may have been discarded, but there is a huge amount of explicit ones, such as self-efficacy theory, equity theory, goal theory, control theory, attribution theory, the theory of reasoned action, or theories of how expectations of one-self and others affect motivation.. This may well be very applicable to adult learners in terms of inpidual learning abilities and attitudes. Inpidual differences are accounted for with this model. Adults perception and attitude towards learning or education are best explained when using the cognitive theories of motivation. Reference Baron, R. 1983 Behavior In Organizations: Understanding and managing The Human Side of Work. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Blaum, Paul. 2000. Emotional Labor Stresses Employees. Penn State news. (http://www.psu.edu/ur/2000/emotioncontrol.html). Briner, R. B. 1995. Emotional dissonance, emotional deviance, true feelings, and the self in organizational life. Paper prepared for the 12th EGOS Colloquium, 6-8 July (Istanbul, Turkey). Brotheridge, C. M., people work'. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39. Franken, R.E. 1994, Human Motivation (Belmont, CA, Wadsworth).

Free Essays on Emirates Airlines

Introduction Ryanair is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and operates a low-fare, no-frill scheduled passenger airline. Ryanair serves short-haul, point-to-point routes between Ireland, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe, making Ryanair Europe ¡Ã‚ ¦s largest low-fare airline. It has destinations in 13 countries with 76 low-fare routes. Its fleet consists of 21 Boeing 737-200s and 21 737-800s. Launched in 1985, Ryanair ¡Ã‚ ¦s growth has been extraordinary. Ryanair currently employs a team of 1500 people and will carry over 13 million scheduled passengers in the current year (2002). In 1986, Ryanair broke the high fare cartel, which was then operated by the two state airlines Aer Lingus and British Airways in the Dublin-London route. The first four years Ryanair was carrying 600,000 passengers annually, but had managed to lose 20million pounds. Under a new management team, headed up by Michael O ¡Ã‚ ¦Leary, a major overhaul of the airline was undertaken in 1990/91. With Ryanair re launched as the very first new breed of  ¡Ã‚ ¥Low-fare, no-frill ¡Ã‚ ¦ airline, adapting the formula so successfully pioneered by south West Airlines in the U.S, non profitable routes were eliminated, the network was cut back from 19 to just 5 routes and air fares across the remaining network were substantially reduced. For example, on Dublin-London route, a new promotional fare of just 69 pounds returns was launched which stimulated a whole new era of growth for Ryanair. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s goal was to be profitable on new routes from their inception, by pitching their fares to be low enough to attract new customers but high enough to provide a satisfactory operating margin. By 1991 Ryanair recorded its first ever profit despite the damage done to the Airline industry by the Gulf war in 1991. Over the next couple of years Ryanair substanti ally slashed its fares further and managed to open up many new attractive routes. The new formula effected a turnaroun... Free Essays on Emirates Airlines Free Essays on Emirates Airlines Introduction Ryanair is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland and operates a low-fare, no-frill scheduled passenger airline. Ryanair serves short-haul, point-to-point routes between Ireland, the United Kingdom, and continental Europe, making Ryanair Europe ¡Ã‚ ¦s largest low-fare airline. It has destinations in 13 countries with 76 low-fare routes. Its fleet consists of 21 Boeing 737-200s and 21 737-800s. Launched in 1985, Ryanair ¡Ã‚ ¦s growth has been extraordinary. Ryanair currently employs a team of 1500 people and will carry over 13 million scheduled passengers in the current year (2002). In 1986, Ryanair broke the high fare cartel, which was then operated by the two state airlines Aer Lingus and British Airways in the Dublin-London route. The first four years Ryanair was carrying 600,000 passengers annually, but had managed to lose 20million pounds. Under a new management team, headed up by Michael O ¡Ã‚ ¦Leary, a major overhaul of the airline was undertaken in 1990/91. With Ryanair re launched as the very first new breed of  ¡Ã‚ ¥Low-fare, no-frill ¡Ã‚ ¦ airline, adapting the formula so successfully pioneered by south West Airlines in the U.S, non profitable routes were eliminated, the network was cut back from 19 to just 5 routes and air fares across the remaining network were substantially reduced. For example, on Dublin-London route, a new promotional fare of just 69 pounds returns was launched which stimulated a whole new era of growth for Ryanair. The company ¡Ã‚ ¦s goal was to be profitable on new routes from their inception, by pitching their fares to be low enough to attract new customers but high enough to provide a satisfactory operating margin. By 1991 Ryanair recorded its first ever profit despite the damage done to the Airline industry by the Gulf war in 1991. Over the next couple of years Ryanair substanti ally slashed its fares further and managed to open up many new attractive routes. The new formula effected a turnaroun...

The Top Degrees and Majors for High Lifetime Salaries

The Top Degrees and Majors for High Lifetime Salaries If you have the resources and opportunity, a degree can be a fantastic asset for your career. And for some fields, it’s a necessary first step. But not all degrees are created equal! In some fields, an associate degree or a bachelor’s degree is all you need to get in the door. In others, you can expect to grab those degrees, then go on to get a master’s or even a PhD to advance in your career and earn top dollars in the field. Every industry has its own educational needs, but if you’re undecided about where you want to go- or you’re looking to change course and go back to school, PayScale has compiled some very useful data about different degrees, different majors, and earning potential. First, let’s look at the â€Å"best in show† majors.Top-Paying Majors for Each Degree TypeAssociate’s: Political ScienceApparently being a Washington â€Å"fat cat† is really a thing! Seriously, though, people who have this degree can wor k in government, public policy, or community administrative roles. The top-paying job for a person with an associate’s degree in Political Science is $86,100, based on PayScale data.Bachelor’s: Petroleum EngineeringEnergy development and engineering are very hot topics right now, so petroleum engineers are in high demand. These engineers develop methods for extracting oil and gas deposits from under the Earth’s surface. The top-paying petroleum engineer jobs can command up to $185,000, per PayScale data.Master’s: International BusinessWe live in a global marketplace, and MBAs who can make deals and work with colleagues in Hong Kong, Berlin, and Sydney are among the highest paid business people. Some of the top-paying jobs in international business for MBAs can fetch up to $158,000, per PayScale data.PhD: StatisticsIn addition to a global marketplace, we also live in a highly data-driven world. Statisticians with doctorate degrees collect and analyze data to help solve real world issues in every industry. The highest-paid statistician gigs for PhDs make $172,000, per PayScale data.If none of these careers sound right for you, you have plenty of options if you’re looking for well-paid options at different degree levels. Let’s look at some of the top-earning jobs in major fields like healthcare, education, public administration/social services, and transportation.Top Healthcare Careers for Different DegreesIf you’re interested in working in the booming healthcare industry, here are some of the jobs with the highest lifetime earnings (median salary for those with a degree and 20+ years of experience) by degree type.Associate’s: Diagnostic Medical SonographerDiagnostic medical sonographers use specialized equipment to create images from inside the body, to help doctors diagnose and treat medical issues. Sonographers typically have an associate’s degree and have completed a certification program as well. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $71,300, per PayScale.Bachelor’s: Physician AssistantPhysician assistants are the right-hand men and women in any medical practice or healthcare facility. They work with physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare staff to examine, diagnose, and treat patients. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $157,000, per PayScale.Master’s: Healthcare AdministrationHealthcare administrators are the ones who keep things running behind the scenes, managing day-to-day office operations for medical practices and offices, as well as planning and coordinating health services for a hospital, facility, clinic, or department. These administrators are also responsible for ensuring that the facility is up to date with health laws, regulations, and technology. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $109,000, per PayScale.PhD: PharmacistPharmacists fill prescriptions, d ispense medication of all kinds, educate patients on the safe use of medications, and act as a medical reference for customers. They may also perform health screenings, educate customers on general wellness, and give immunizations. You can find them in retail pharmacies, but also in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities as well. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $172,000, per PayScale.Top Education Careers for Different DegreesThe old saying is that teachers are underpaid for what they do- and while that may very well be true, if teaching is your calling you can still strategize about how to maximize your salary. Here are some of the educators with the highest lifetime earnings (median salary for those with a degree and 20+ years of experience) by degree type.Associate’s: Preschool TeacherPreschool teachers are often the first teachers kids encounter in their lives- so those early days of pre-reading skills, writing, basic math, and science are essential. They work with young kids (usually age 4-5) to get them ready for kindergarten. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $44,200, per PayScale.Bachelor’s: Physical Education TeacherPhysEd teachers do the important work of keeping kids active during the school day, and teaching them good fitness and athletic fundamentals along the way. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $70,100, per PayScale.Master’s: Instructional Design and TechnologyWith curriculum changing all the time, and an emphasis on updating the way students use technology in their school lives, instructional designers are fast becoming a major player in the education world. These professionals oversee curriculum standards (and how they are implemented in school systems), develop educational materials, and assess the effectiveness of teaching methods. Instructional designers work in all levels of education, from elementary sch ool to college. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $83,900, per PayScale.PhD: SuperintendentSuperintendents are high-level educational professionals responsible for the operation of schools (or school systems). In many cases, superintendents have a master’s degree and years of education/administration experience, but many superintendents hold PhDs in education. The median salary for PhDs in this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $96,600, per PayScale.Top  Public Administration/Social Services Careers for Different DegreesWorking in the public sector can be a calling as well. If you’re interested in one of these community-, town/city-, or state-level jobs, here are the career paths you might want to consider for maximum earning potential.Associate’s: Fire ScienceWhen you think of â€Å"public† jobs, it’s likely that â€Å"firefighter† is one of the first that pops into your mind. As the first responders in many different kinds of emergencies, these essential professionals sacrifice their time (and often their well-being) to keep the community safe. An associate’s degree in fire science can prepare you for jobs as a firefighter, but also administrative jobs like fire inspector, fire chief, or fire marshal. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $59,100, per PayScale.Bachelor’s: Public AdministratorA bachelor’s degree in Public Administration prepares you for managing the day-to-day operations of local, state, or federal government agencies. This includes areas like strategic planning, public relations, and disaster planning, as well as general administration. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $76,100, per PayScale.Master’s: Public Policy AnalystPolicy analysts are problem solvers. They take data, history, and trends into account to help plan and shape government and political systems. This is a job heavy on research, analysis, and strategic planning. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $101,100, per PayScale.Top Transportation  Careers for Different DegreesYou may not think of transportation as a particularly glamorous or lucrative industry, but if you have a passion for logistics and tight schedules, then it can be a great option for you. In transportation, the emphasis is usually on on-the-job training rather than a specific degree, but a bachelor’s degree and administrative know-how can be one of the most well-paid paths into the industry.Bachelor’s: Aviation ManagerAviation managers are logistics professionals who coordinate airport operations, including compliance with a complex system of local, state, and federal rules and regulations. Moving people and cargo from one place to another via air travel is an intricate, delicate, and fast-moving process, and aviation managers are the ones responsible for making sure it happ ens safely, smoothly, and on time. The median salary for this field (with 20+ years of experience) is $97,200, per PayScale.Even though â€Å"20 years of experience† may seem like an unbearably far milestone (especially if you’re just starting out), it’s a really important factor to consider when you’re picking a major, or deciding how far you want to go with your degree. While you’re not locked in to any particular path, your decision should definitely be informed by what the long-term salary potential is in any given role, and how that lines up with your long-term goals. And if you know that sticking with your underpaid, less-than-glamorous job now can yield better benefits with the more time and experience you accumulate, that can make your work life easier in the meantime.

Emerging Disciplines in Analyzing The University Workplace Research Paper

Emerging Disciplines in Analyzing The University Workplace - Research Paper Example The researcher states that industrial engineering and economics play to the nitty-gritty, the practical, the numbers, the devils in the details. They help to quantify how organizations work, what transactions are at play, and what hierarchies are formalized and how that operates. Yet there are emerging disciplines that have begun to change the analysis of organizations irrevocably. Women's studies reminds researchers and analysts of the role of kinship, gender and sexual relations in determining how institutions work: They submit that, without understanding gender roles and inequalities, it is impossible to understand everything from the glass ceiling in corporate America to the mommy track to the second shift. Communications as a discipline informs researchers and analysts that the way that organizations communicate internally and externally, with individuals and with organizations, formally and informally, all are vital to determine how the organization behaves and fares in terms o f survival and managing change. It is impossible, for example, to understand a media institution without knowing how information is communicated up the ladder to the top then disseminated to other institutions like households and businesses. Information systems try to analyze both the usage of computers within institutions and institutions themselves as computational arrangements. And marketing looks at how institutions market their culture internally and externally. Understanding all these disciplines is essential to understanding the operation of the University of Pittsburgh. Psychology of organizations focus on factors like threat rigidity. Threat-rigidity is the tendency of institutions and people like to respond to threats or changes by falling back on established habits that worked in the past. The problem is, like the famous Chinese joke of the farmer who saw a rabbit break its neck on a stump and thereafter waited for another rabbit to do so in order to get a meal again, tha t patterns change and past practice is not always applicable. Sometimes, weathering the storm by sticking to one's guns and using prior effective practices is the right strategy. But other times, rigidity is a problem, and dynamic and creative responses are necessary. Staw et al analyzed, using both sociological and psychological mechanisms, the tendency of institutions to behave like people and freeze up in the face of danger, sticking to the most rigid and subconscious patterns until disaster struck. â€Å"The Penn Central Railroad, for example, continued paying dividends until cash flow dried up completely ...Chrysler Corporation, when faced with the oil crisis and rising gasoline prices, continued large (but efficient) production runs on its largest and most fuel-inefficient cars until inventories overflowed†. Universities like my workplace, the University of Pittsburgh, seem to be particularly vulnerable to this, and the reasons why are helpful to the rigidity hypothesis in general. The university is faced with a major change, say the increasing obsolescence of a particular academic department. It is hard to tell prima facie if this will be a temporary or a permanent phenomenon. Tenure prevents the department from being easily cut or repurposed. In any respect, it makes no sense to remove a vital discipline from the field.

REDEFINING HAPPINESS THROUGH THE PRISM OF LIFE Essay

REDEFINING HAPPINESS THROUGH THE PRISM OF LIFE - Essay Example Does only living on and on means happiness untouched by what goes around us or even a brief stint of life, if its filled with satisfaction can be termed as a good life. Similarly, humans must also act in someway to fulfill their desires or needs as long as he or she may be alive. For years psychologists have tried to decipher the most generic code of conduct to guide humans through good and torrid times which means studying data on scale that even the most super of computer cannot negotiate with. Humans vary in nature and therefore there cannot exist a generic code of conduct however, if every one makes an effort to work out a way for himself and understand what s the best option while making any decision life could make some sense. When we know that this journey of life has to end someday then why almost all humans live life entirely differently from one another .The fact that ever since the evolution of man and despite its conquest of knowledge and power and freedom on his will, he has not been able to understand what really makes him happy after all this conquest has been made in search of satisfaction and happiness. Therefore if ever we wonder why in most humans life religion means a great deal lot. Religion although has no physical reality as such but for so long been able to provide answer to evading questions pertaining to our happiness. Thats why even after achieving so much materialistically humans turn to religion for soul searching to achieve satisfaction. Death: Unwanted Necessity We in our search for satisfaction since the beginning of time been able to change the world to our liking when those of who did that eventually had to leave this world one day. Still we are unable to comprehend that there are certain rules of thumb in place ever since man learned to sense things around him regarding what to prefer and what not to prefer in good and bad times. For instance we are likely to prefer pains that are short term rather than pains that are relatively long term. Fear and the Hope Factor: The truth of fact is that we are not sometimes intelligent enough for our own sake. We can be very chameleon like in different states of mind. At a given point in time we might commit our self to act differently where as we might do something different in reality. 1Psychologists call it the 'Hot' and 'Cold' states of mind and the difference in thinking and doing the 'empathy gap'. We treat life through the prism of happiness and satisfaction living always with a fear of death. This makes us sometimes to lean towards decision which could be far from making us happy and contented. A person due to lack of money might not be able to afford 500,000 $ sedan which would leave him feeling worthless for some time but after sometime he will be able to get back to his routine and live life normally. What we do not realize that we have defined happiness in our own way. Now, this short sightedness of scope lead the people to belief that inability to achieve something in the short run will make the discomfort to persist for longer period of time then would really happen. In between all this decision making the death factor holds an important place in peoples

Essay --

IMPAIRMENT AWARE ROUTING In WDM technology, the capacity of a fiber is divided into several subscribers by using light paths. In these paths traffic flows. Traffic between a pair of nodes may not fill up the available bandwidth of a light path. The network performance is affected by the transmission impairments which are due to the non ideal optical components. Since we have optical amplifier, optical switches and other optical devices and soon we have all optical equipments with the time and it is possibility that the entire network will be optical network. Transparent Optical Network Opaque Network There are two types of networks. These are opaque network and transparent network. In opaque network we have to do Optical-Electrical-Optical conversion at all nodes in the path. This type of network is costly because if we make a nationwide network then we will have to use a large no. of routers. But to make it less expensive we can use translucent network. In translucent network the regeneration is done only on a few nodes instead of all nodes. Transparent Network The other network that is transparent is less costly because there is no need of OEO conversion at the intermediate nodes. We can send analog signal in the transparent network. The size of transparent network is determined by impairments effects such as Chromatic dispersion (CD), attenuation, crosstalk, noise etc. Effects of Transmission Impairments on Routing and Wavelength Assignment When signal travels from source to destination then it may be ruined by linear and non-linear impairments. Linear impairments are amplifier noise, Group velocity dispersion (GVD), polarization mode dispersion (PMD), component crosstalk. The nonlinear impairments are self-phase modulation... ...s called Physical layer blocking. Advantages ïÆ'Ëœ Network load decreases by using IABP and IAFF ïÆ'Ëœ About 30 % reduction in blocking ïÆ'Ëœ Call admission criteria not only depends on the resource availability but also on quality of light path’s signal ïÆ'Ëœ A light path with good signal quality ïÆ'Ëœ Network resources are in intelligent control ïÆ'Ëœ Network used more efficiently Disadvantages ïÆ'Ëœ This technology cannot compute a route with minimal impairments ïÆ'Ëœ To find a qualified route path for the connection request it needs more than one trial ïÆ'Ëœ Algorithm does not consider residual-dispersion accumulation, power divergence, polarization-dependent loss gain (PDLIPDG), filter concatenation, signal transient, fiber nonlinearities. ïÆ'Ëœ When the data rate increases to 40 Gbps and furthermore, impairments become even more difficult ïÆ'Ëœ As load increases the call blocking increases

Brain functions

Brain provides wider function in terms of biological changes that take place in one person; it is the central nervous system thus, it is responsible to overall functional development of the body. Moreover, the brain serves as the indicator of all the responses made by man, and so, any behavioral and/or psychological development coincides with his mental development. Scientists have made a very significant study on brain functioning of adolescents. A teen’s brain develops more rapidly according to them than what most people thought.Through the use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), they have found out that the human brain â€Å"undergoes changes after sensitive period,†1 and develop throughout adolescent. Brain continues to develop until the age of twenty, and this development is remarkable and must be given enough attention by concerned individual, for in this period lies the future of these teens. Many mental health experts believe that these changes that occur in on e’s brain to prepare them to adulthood.2 It is a crucial stage in the development of brain because, along the physiological changes that take place in the brain, the psychological and emotional functioning of an adolescent carries with it also. These health professional had commented that, â€Å"adolescence and young adulthood is a time of great potential for change and development – then policymakers need increasingly to focus in the opportunities for helping and influencing young adults that this crucial stage presents. †3 Biological Changes that Occur in an Adolescent BrainThe brain controls the overall function of the body: the basic instinct, immune system, sexuality, language capacity, and even abstract thinking. Not only has that, even a person’s behavior or responses depended largely on how his brain functions, specifically, his capacity to adapt to changes brought about by external forces. Adolescent period is the turning point in the life of any person to adulthood; many could observe how differently a person when he turns to this period. Not all can understand these changes, even the person himself.In the biological development of the brain, renowned Biologist and Psychologist Jean Piaget observed that â€Å"the developing child builds cognitive structure. †4 He meant the child develops mental ‘maps’ scheme, or network concept for â€Å"understanding and responding to physical experiences with in his or her environment. †5 Piaget confirmed that cognitive structure increases with development moving from instinctive baby responses to highly complex mental activities of adolescence. In his theory6, he identifies four development stages and processes by which children progress through them.These are: 1) the sensorimotor stage (birth – 2years old) is where the child first learns through physical interaction with his or her environment and forms a set of ideas about ‘reality and how it wo rks. 2) The preoperational stage (2-7 years old) is the stage that the child needs ‘concrete physical situation because he can not yet conceptualize abstractly. 3) The concrete operation (7-11 years old), at this ages, the child is able to conceptualize creating ‘logical structures’ that gives him idea of his or her physical experiences.4) The formal operations (11-12 years old), the child already develops cognitive structures like those of an adult which include conceptual reasoning. Piaget further explains that during all development stages, the child experiences his or her environment using whatever mental maps he or she has constructed. By this, he said that repeated experience easily fits or assimilated into child’s cognitive structure that maintains his or her mental equilibrium.But if it is a new experience, the child loses equilibrium and alters cognitive structure to â€Å"accommodate the new conditions. Through this, the child develops more and m ore concrete cognitive structures. †7 Men and women differ in many aspects not only in physical attributes and sexes. They also differ even in the way of solving intellectual problems. The differences accordingly are minimal and were merely consequence of â€Å"variations in experiences during development before and after adolescence.†8 They pointed out that recently, evidence suggests that the effect of sex hormones on brain organization occur so early in life that from the start, the environment is acting on differently wired brains in boys and girls. †9 These then, make evaluating the role of experience independent of physiological disposition which is a difficult task. The basis of biological sex differences in brain and behavior â€Å"have become much better known through increasing numbers of behavioral neurological endocrinological studies. 10 These studies also emphasized that observations show that males are more aggressive than females.Males engage in m ore rough play while females are more ‘nurturing. ’ It was also noted that males are better at a variety of spatial tasks. It concludes that male and female are better differentiated in the â€Å"level of exposure to various sex hormones early in life. †11 According to the studies conducted by Dr. Elizabeth Sowell, Assistant Professor of Neurology Laboratory of New Imaging, UCLA, â€Å"the discoveries particularly of post adolescent frontal lobe motivation provides new insight for interpreting occasionally trouble some behavior.She noted that â€Å"teens in typical western society are notorious for being poor planners, having difficulty interpreting potential consequences of their actions. 12 That these teens have difficulty controlling their emotions and having trouble inhibiting inappropriate behaviors. Dr. Sowell pointed out that â€Å"frontal lobes are responsible for planning, organization, and impulse control all functions typically underdeveloped during adolescence. †13 The result of the studies suggested that on-going changes in brain structure play a role.She said that â€Å"patterns of cortical maturation and degeneration between childhood and old age likely to reflect changing behavioral functions and cognitive abilities across the human life span. †14 The study used computerized brain image analyses to create three dimensional maps of gray matter change in the human cerebral cortex across a decades (7-87 years) involving 176 normal individuals and studies with MRI. Findings showed gray matter increase until about age 30. Whereas gray matter is also observed because of synaptic pruning, and continued myelination occurs during adolescent period.Both synaptic pruning and increased myelination are â€Å"cellular changes that result in a more fine tuned efficient brain. †15 It was also observed that pattern of gray matter loss were more rapid between 7 and 60 years old. Results of this study show that the †Å"trajectory of maturation aging effects vary considerably over the cortex with primary visual, auditory and limbic cortices known to myelinate relatively early in development showing a more linear pattern of aging. †16 Psychological Adjustment Due to Changes in BrainA group of health professionals explained some remarkable changes that take place in the behavior of a youth17 such as: sense of independence and exploration; formation of social bonds (they would choose to be with friends than with family members); they have powerful urges for sexual behavior; they have powerful emotional responses; they have greater tendency to acquire high-risk behavior because they cannot sustain with reason their impulsive behavior; youth are also vulnerable to addiction such as drugs and alcohol, their brain is sensitive with these elements; they also have inclination to materialism or consumerism; and in rare instances, some may experience mental illness or psychological disorder especially if the thinning of grey matter is greater, such as in the case of schizophrenia and bipolar. Conclusion Environment should not be blamed for what the behavior manifests in youth. Young people should not also be blamed for they themselves cannot comprehend what is going on inside them.At this crucial stage in their lives, they can experience different impulses and changes in their behavior. Sad to say, many of these youth have gone astray choosing a different path for them, which in turn, did not benefit them at all. Youth is the future of the nation, a country must invest on them, their energy and potential must be realized for greater benefit of all. But this could become possible if the government and the society must work hand in hand to meet the basic needs of the youth. As mental health professionals pointed out, services for these youth should be made available or else, we may never realize their full potential, they noted:18Commissioners need to consider the specific needs o f this age group when planning and commissioning services; failure to do so may contribute to the development of mental health service users being stuck in a cycle of hopelessness, unable to realize their full potential. Footnotes 1 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 2 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 3 â€Å"The Adolescent Brain. † http://www. sfn. org/index. cfm? pagename=brainBriefings_Adolescent _brain 4 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm5 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 6 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 7 Funderstanding. http://www. fundertanding. com/piaget. cfm 8Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 9 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 10 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article. cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 11 Kimura, Doreen. â€Å"Sex Differences in the Brain. † SideBar. http://www. sciam. com/article.cfmID=00018E9D-1D06-8E49809EC588EEDF 12 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 13 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 14 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 15 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 16 Sowell, Elizabeth, Ph. D. â€Å"adolescent Brain Development. † http://www. loni. ucla. edu/-esowell/PBS. html 17  "The Adolescent Brain. † loc. cit. 18 â€Å"â€Å"A Work in Progress: loc. cit.